Evolution Of Evolution And Natural Selection - 967 Words

Evolution and Revolution What do a sponge and bird have in common? Believe it or not, they share a common origin. In the film, Darwin s Tree of Life, the narrator, David Attenborough, presents the audience with the theory of evolution as documented by Charles Darwin in the 1800 s. The video is based on Darwin s perspective of evolution and natural selection. Darwin s findings were revolutionary and caused out-rage among the religious who believed in the story of creation beginning with Adam and Eve. In the video, Darwin s Tree of Life, Darwin s theory of evolution and natural selection proved the tree of life explains our evolution from a molecule to mammal. Charles Darwin devoted his adult life to trying to understand the process of evolution. At 22 years of age, he sailed off to South America to study various species of plants and animals. Darwin spent many years researching and documenting what he believed was a logical and scientific explanation of our existence. He felt strongly that life started in t he simplest form and then later became more complex with each species over generations. Darwin was a radical of sorts. In the article, Darwin, published by the American Museum of Natural History (2005-2006), he was referred to as a revolutionary, and even though he was hesitant to do so because he knew it would cause outrage; he changed our view of the natural world (para. 3). In the video, Attenborough portrays Charles Darwin as a exceptionally inquisitiveShow MoreRelatedEvolution Of Natural Selection Evolution1005 Words   |  5 PagesNatural Selection-Evolution Natural selection is the evolutionary process through which factors in the environment exert pressure, favoring some individuals over others to produce the next generation. Charles Darwin (1809-1882) formulated this theory that has stood the test of time. Natural selection is important to anthropology for understanding how species change. 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Evolution is defined as the â€Å"change in the characteristics of a species over many generations (Linstead, 2012).† The most widely accepted theory of evolution is natural selection, whichRead MoreThe Theory Of Evolution By Natural Selection965 Words   |  4 Pages The beginning of life on earth was always thought out as Gods creation and evolution was just a mystery in itself. Many people have always been interested in their origins and have found explanations using evidence that validates the story, bu t where is the proof? In 1859 a man by the name of Charles Darwin wrote a novel called the Origin of Species basically expressing the theory of evolution by natural selection. 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The effect of the inheritable elements on their own frequency in succeeding generations. (Inheritable elements replaced the words generations). The variation within species and reproductive success are the basis of natural selection. Natural selection was developed by nineteenth-century British naturalistsRead MoreNatural Selection And The Theory Of Evolution1536 Words   |  7 PagesNatural selection and The Theory of Evolution were just two of the things that Charles Darwin conquered through the exploration of The Galapagos Island. Darwin was born on February 12, 1809, in Shrewsbury, England. While Darwin was still in high school, his main interest was nature, he was especially interested in beetles. Darwin’s father, Robert Darwin, who was best known as the father of the naturalist Charles Darwin, wanted Charles to become a doctor. Due to lack on interest in the medicine fieldRead MoreThe Theory Of Evolution By Natural Selection1726 Words   |  7 PagesDiscussing Darwinian and Modern Evidence in Support to The Theory of Evolution by Natural selection Evolution is the gradual development of life on Earth. It is responsible for the unusual carnivorous plants (species such as Dionaea muscipula), the beautiful coloured plume of the male peacock, even the possibility of cells adapting to protect against continual low exposure to radiation (Russo, GL. et al 2012). Without it, the lavish diversity of organic life we interact with every day would be non-existentRead MoreThe Theory Of Evolution By Natural Selection926 Words   |  4 Pages Charles Darwin was the creator of Darwinism which is, â€Å"the theory of evolution by natural selection† (Junker 1). In school we are often taught that natural selection is survival of the fittest or the strongest wins. What seems to be a simple topic is actually one of the leading theories on the side of evolution in the highly controversial debate on Darwinism vs. Creationism. Darwinism states that certain genes in a population change through individuals. These â€Å"strong† genes are then produced more

Market Structures And Pricing Strategies - 2684 Words

Market Structures and Pricing Strategies There are different types of market structures all over the world since business is not done the same way everywhere. Even within the USA different companies use different pricing strategies based on the market structures. As a business and as a consumer it is vital to identify and understand these different types of market structures and their pricing strategies. The ideal type of market is the one where price and demand are not affected by anything, in other words it is always consistent. Of course the reality is that markets are affected by different factors, which can hike up the price for an item or lower it, hence increase demand or decrease it. There are 4 different types of market structures†¦show more content†¦Due to the fact that all products are priced at market value, the consumer is more willing to purchase the item knowing that no one will offer a better price. In a perfect competition market the goal of the company is to maximize profits by ensuring productio n cost does not exceed revenues (calculating how much they can produce without losing money due to cost of production; MR=MC) and that consumer demands are met. Perfect competition markets are ideal because they tend to balance themselves out even though they have no barriers of entry (Hillman, 2014). Even if a company has a short run profit loss due to a period of high entry to market, at a certain point the revenues will equal market prices. Some companies will see it as a loss and will exit the market; hence allowing the prices to go back up and profits to be regained. The exiting of the market stops when every one of the firms remaining breaking even. If the businesses within the market are enjoying short-term profits this will increase entry to market; hence will decrease output from each company and decrease profits. This activity will end when the price of products equals total average cost and the economic profits are zero. The perfect competition’s long-term outcomes are two: allocative and productive efficiency (Hillman, 2014). Allocative efficiency is when a company’s output equals consumer demand, which eliminates the possibility of â€Å"deadweight†

Human Resource Management HR Pretenders

Question: Describe about the Human Resource Management for HR Pretenders. Answer: Introduction The HR issue is significant as this decline the performance of the employees thus the performance of the organizations are also diminish. A news article has been published in the brisbanetimes.com.au by Jorge Branco titled "University of Queensland bus racism appeal denied," where an important HR issue has been discussed. According to the news article, an economist Professor Paul Frijters was found at fault position because of misconduct in sanctioning a research on bus racism and demoted. The University of Queensland conducted an investigation on the aforementioned research, where they investigators found that Professor guilty of misconduct, however, the Fair Work affirmed that the investigation conducted by the university was not realistic and the investigation procedures are unreliable (Branco, 2016). The weak HR management has led the university to its current destiny, where the university has to take action against its members. Racism is a serious issue of humanity, and it is wi tnessed in various places in the world, and Australia is not free from it and in Australia there are several incidents of racism taking places, which raise the concern among the international human right organization. One of these types of the incident has been occurred in front of the Professor Frijters when he with his fellow researcher Redo Mujcic found racism and discrimination in the bus of Brisbane own by Brisbane Bus Corporation. They conducted research on this, but the University of Queensland suppressed the study on bus racism. Moreover, for sanctioning the research study the Professor has been demoted. This is a serious HR issue. It is widely observed that the HR plays a vital role in an organization and contributes a lot to the growth and development of the organization, however; insufficient HR management can be the causes of ruining of the organization (Johnson Kaiser, 2012). Brief description of the news story The news story depicts one of the largest issues which is that the Australia's largest University failed to depict the appeal in the scattering workplace and thereby the considerations are created and thereby the investigation is undertaken with creating controversies in the workplace study. The issues depicted in this case are indicating the act of racism and thereby the case study is undertaken for the enhancement of the issues for the purpose of research. The case of bus racism is undertaken which drew the attention for the purpose of conducting the research and thereby the international attention is depicted in this case with creating the comparison between the white and the blacks (Armstrong, 2007). In June, with the investigation made by the Fair work Commission of Brisbane of Australia, found that the University of Australia is found to be guilt in this case with depicting the discrimination of the evidence and thereby the infected error is undertaken and thereby the considera tions are created which found to be useless. The infected error created in the research helps in indicating the issue against the University of Australia and thereby found that the Professor Paul Frijters is found to be guilt for the misconduct of the research of the racism against the bus company, and thereby the UQ decided to demote Professor Paul Frijters from the post (Briscoe, Schuler, and Claus, 2009). After the investigation made by the Michelle Bissett, a member of the Fair work commission, declared that the investigated done in against the University of Queensland helps in depicting the unreliable investigation made and thereby the fairest course of the action must be thrown out to start the new investigation process regarding the case. It thereby provides the appropriate view of the case with depicting the substantial flaws and the lack of the procedural fairness work depicted by the Fair Work Commission (Chaudhuri, 2010). With conducting the new research, several defaults are depicted with indicating the issue and thereby the Professor Frijter's research is invoked during the investigation carried out with depicting the case of the dispute settlement. It thereby helps in providing the appropriate approach undertaken for the dispute undertaken between the parties and thereby the issue seems to be remaining unsolved (Stone, 2013). Professor Frijters' lawyer argued that the investigation made document submitted is lacking details of the case undertaken and thereby it seems to be affecting the number of the disciplinary actions. The university refused to say that the organization University Of Queensland helps in stating the procedural aspects of the disciplinary actions which are claimed to be broken by the Professor Fritter. Henceforth the issue of the racism research conducted by the Professor Frijter seems to be undergrounded with depicting the inappropriate judgment. HR Issues raised in the news story The case study University of Queensland bus racism appeal denied depicts the issues regarding the racism which is one of the most crucial facts which is undertaken in the workplace of Australia (Branco, 2016). The consideration of the case study is undertaken reflects various issues depicted in the whole news article and thereby the reflections are created on the issues which are provided below:- The first issue indicated, in this case, helps to indicate the issues of racism. The news article provides the first issue depicted by the Professor Paul Frijters who is an economist professor at the Queensland University of Brisbane has observed this issue while traveling by bus to its own college. For providing the appropriate judgment to the blacks, the research on the issue undertaken and thereby the issues results in no change (Davenport, 2015). As depicted in this case study, the article in this context depicts the issues of racism for which professor Paul Frijters raised its voice for the determining the equity of whites and the blacks in the society. Henceforth the issue noticed in the bus depicts the issues of racism for which if the research is continued by the professor Paul Frijters then the bus company will be banned and thereby it leads to the misconduct of the case undertaken (Straw, 2015). The second problem that is identified in this case represents the professor Paul Frijters with raising the voice against the case of racism was demoted from the post and thereby creating a different treatment for the professor Paul Frijters by its staff. It henceforth helps in the depicting the long term impacts of the root causes that are depicted in this case study. Henceforth the conduct of the research against the bus company made by the professor Paul Frijters depicting the managerial problems that are notified in this case. With the complaint made by the bus company against the professor Paul Frijters, the profession was demoted from the post and henceforth the research which he is carrying out is banned by the University of Queensland (Goodge, 2006). The underlying problem undertaken helps in providing justification with providing the critical information for the inconsistent manner of the performance of the employees and thereby the reward issues rose against the employees of the University of Queensland. When the organisation disproportionally rewarded the professor Paul Frijters for the research conducted, professor Paul Frijters resigned from the post and from the university for purpose of carrying out the research (Finney, 2010). The student who are in favour of professor Paul Frijters, raised their voices and thereby this incase becomes the issue and thereby the article helps in describing the issues in an appropriate manner. The issues are identified for which the University of Queensland was found to be guilt in this case and thereby the Fairfax Media stood in for of this case with issuing this case in the news article. Henceforth the issues are described separately as per the context and thereby the considerations are created with depicting the issues of racism and the issue of human resource management with depicting the inappropriate judgment made by University of Queensland in this case for the professor Paul Frijters (Johnson Kaiser, 2012). Recommendations and conclusion The University of Queensland suppressed a research study on bus racism conducted by Dr. Redzo Mujcic and demotes Professor Paul Frijters who sanctioned the research study. The university authority stated that the study was banned because it was not conducted with proper ethical approval. The researcher did not get appropriate ethics approval prior starting this research study. However, according to the Professor Frijters the research project did not require any approval from ethics committee because the universitys Phd coordinator had scrutinized the research study and found no harm (Delgado, 2006). The university demotes Professors Frijters because of his misconduct in sanctioning the research subject. The university should properly investigate on the research study and academic freedom should be protected. In this context it is recommended that the HR should be transparent and firm with the HR policies and the HR rules and regulations has to be implemented stringently to reduce the issues related to the HR matters. References Branco, J. (2016).University of Queensland bus racism appeal denied.https://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/queensland. Retrieved 27 September 2016, from https://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/queensland/university-of-queensland-bus-racism-appeal-denied-20160927-grpkis Johnson, J. Kaiser, C. (2012). Racial Identity Denied: Are Wealthy Black Victims of Racism Rejected by Their Own Group?.Social Psychological And Personality Science,4(3), 376-382. Armstrong, M. (2007).A handbook of human resource management practice. [Farmington Hills, Mich.]: Thomson Gale. Briscoe, D., Schuler, R. and Claus, L. (2009).International human resource management. London: Routledge. Chaudhuri, K. (2010).Human resource management. Mumbai [India]: Himalaya Pub. House. Davenport, T. (2015). How HR plays its role in leadership development.Strategic HR Review, 14(3), pp.89-93. Delgado, L. (2006). How do I find HR practitioners, not HR pretenders?.Strategic HR Review, 6(1), pp.7-7. Finney, L. (2010). The latest ideas on how to approach measurement and evaluation of HR activities.Strategic HR Review, 9(4). Goodge, P. (2006). How to influence decisions as an HR business partner.Strategic HR Review, 5(2), pp.5-5. Phillips, J. and Phillips, P. (2012).Proving the value of HR. Alexandria, Va.: Society For Human Resource Management. Stone, R. (2013).Managing Human Resources 4e. John Wiley Sons Australia. Straw, M. (2015). How HR can help transform an organisation from within.Strategic HR Review, 14(3), pp.111-112.

The Case of the Stolen Bacillus by HG Wells and the Half Pair by Bertrum Chandler Essay Example

The Case of the Stolen Bacillus by HG Wells and the Half Pair by Bertrum Chandler Paper I have been asked to read two stories from the science fiction genre and discuss and comment on the similarities and differences. The two stories that I have read are; The Case of the Stolen Bacillus by H. G. Wells and The Half Pair by Bertrum Chandler. Both of these stories are of the same genre, but science fiction is difficult to define. In order for me to complete this essay, and compare the two stories to their full extent, I feel that I must comprehend what science fiction means and what makes a good science fiction story. Different writers have their own definitions. I have chosen two, which I believe to express simple but different views. Ray Bradburys definition states; Science fiction is really sociological studies of the future, things that the writer believes are going to happen by putting two and two together. Whereas Bruce H. Franklin said; In fact, one good working definition of science fiction may be the literature which, growing with science and technology, evaluates it and relates it meaningfully to the rest of human existence. Both of these definitions are comprehensive and frequently used, although, we have to recognise that they represent the writers own opinions and are therefore subjective. Although the definitions vary, and are influenced from different sources, they could prove useful in considering the likeness of the stories to the definitions and provide a good framework for assessing them. Studying definitions is not the only way to classify the stories as being good science fiction. We will write a custom essay sample on The Case of the Stolen Bacillus by HG Wells and the Half Pair by Bertrum Chandler specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Case of the Stolen Bacillus by HG Wells and the Half Pair by Bertrum Chandler specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Case of the Stolen Bacillus by HG Wells and the Half Pair by Bertrum Chandler specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer There are main elements which all good science fiction stories contain that fit into the science fiction genre. They are set in the future, contain a moral and there are often twists in the plots. Usually the human behaviour is determined by the era in which it was written. By both comparing the stories to the main elements and the definitions I shall be able to consider the factors of each story that provide good science fiction. I feel that to help me with the task set it is necessary to know background information about the authors and the time of their writing. The authors upbringing and way of life before and during novel writing is one very important factor that I have to consider when making comparisons between the stories. It is very clear when reading both, that they have been heavily influenced by previous experiences encountered, as well as their general perception of the world around them. Both writers are also heavily influenced by the era in which they grew up and lived, there are many references to aspects unique to these times, as well as to aspects in which each author is opinionated on. These influences affect the way the stories are written as well as the way the characters behave and the language that is used. The influences are shown in many ways throughout both stories. The Case of the Stolen Bacillus was written by H. G. Wells. He was born in 1866 into the cramped life of Victorian lower middle class of Bromley, Kent. Due to unfortunate circumstances involving his father, at the age of thirteen H. G. Wells was sent to work in a drapers shop. His passion for science grew as he got older and he frequently sneaked off to the library to study. His hard work finally paid off when he won a scholarship to study science at the Imperial College, London. It was during his time here where H. G. Wells became increasingly concerned with social justice and got involved with the Fabian society. This society encouraged Wellss belief in the socialist movement, which sought to bring about a fairer society by planning a gradual system of reforms. The Case of the Stolen Bacillus is set, as well as written, in Victorian England, so consequently the story portrays England in a different way from which we know it today. This way of living provoked many different beliefs and ideas on issues that may seem controversial today. One aspect that Wells put across through his story is that of male dominance. At the time when the story was written and set, males were seen to be superior to the women, and were therefore treated with more respect and authority. The main role of women was seen to be bringing up of children and housekeeping. Wells has included references of this within the story by the way he has portrayed the relationship between Minnie and her husband. This is shown in one particular conversation when Minnie is asked a question by her husband, she politely replies, Nothing, dear, because I remember However, she is interrupted abruptly by her husband, which is a typical example of how much respect husbands and wives had of each other during that era. Present within this period was a definite system of class and position within society, with three main sectors; the lower class, the middle class and the upper class. The lower class categorized the poorest in society, and was the lowest group in the system. Nowadays it is often referred to as the working class which reflects the nature of the people within it, who often worked in industry or were unemployed and lived in the terraced slums around a city. The middle class were seen by the Victorians as a group with a higher position within society. They were given more respect compared with the lower class, however were not as rich as the upper class. The upper class were a group defined for the richest in society that consisted mainly of the local gentry. Throughout Wellss story there are many references to the class system, most expressing subtle stereotypical views. Due to his beliefs as a socialist he did not agree with the class system and these heavily influence the story as his opinions are reflected many times throughout. Wells uses ingenious techniques to put across his opinions skilfully without being too direct. He often uses subtle mocking of characters that display stereotypical behaviour of a certain class. We can tell this from the speeches of the cab driver and the bacteriologist. The cab driver is stereotypically portrayed as a lower class Victorian man who has not been educated very well. This is evident when he says, Thats Arry Ilks. Wots he got? The way Wells writes the cabmans speech implies that all cabmen are of his calibre. Wells therefore suggests that all cab drivers are not well spoken and educated. Another character which Wells stereotypes, is the bacteriologist. Wells portrays him as a middle class man and a typical scientist, he says when talking to the Anarchist, Here is the living thing. This is the cultivation of the actual living disease bacteria. This shows that he is a well-spoken character from a well-educated background. He is portrayed as a typical scientist due to the manner in which he behaves. Wells creates his character to seem rather eccentric and lively, this is shown when he reacts instantly and without thinking, when he finds out that the cholera has been stolen. By stereotyping different classes, it is possible that Wellss intention was not to be making fun of the lower class, but mocking the upper class people for treating others less prominent in society the way they do. The Background regarding the Half Pair is very different from The Case of the Stolen Bacillus, even though they both aim to produce a good piece of science fiction writing. Arthur Bertrum Chandler, born in 1912, wrote the Half Pair. Although born in Aldershot, UK he is usually considered as an Australian author. Over half his life was spent at sea on a British tramp steamer and then finally joined the Union Steam Ship of New Zealand. During these passages at sea, he wrote many of his novels, however he retired in 1975 but continued to write until his death. This piece of science fiction writing was written in 1957, but set many years in the future. There are many references to the 1950s within the story as well as futuristic ideas. This is evident when the wife includes within her speech references to everyday chores relating to the 1950s, such as making dinner, as well as futuristic ideas of space. She says, Since when can I do without gravity even though a centrifugal force in the gallery? Youve ruined dinner. Wells often includes within this story speeches that reflect upon the time of writing as well as including ideas that would have been seen as very futuristic, but not as significant nowadays. Another aspect of this story that has been influenced by the authors way of life is the constant references that are made to his time spent at sea. The main setting for the story is a space ship, which is probably done because the author is used to spending time onboard ships and there are therefore many references in the use of language and descriptions to that of a boat. Although set on a space ship, the story is described with many similarities to that of a boat. References such as the use of the word chandler, which is used when referring to the place where the characters bought their equipment. When you get back to mars demand a survey of all the equipment sold by Sorenson the ship chandler The Half Pair and The Case of the Stolen Bacillus, both fit into the science fiction genre but are completely different in content and ideas. However, there are some similarities such as the elements that make up a science fiction story. One of the noticeable differences between the two stories is the time scale. The Half Pair is written in the 1950s, but set far into the future, whereas The Case of the Stolen Bacillus is set and written in the Victorian era. This proves vital in the type of story that is produced, as different eras had different views on English way of life as many things had changed since the Victorian era. This is shown in the two stories by the way the writers express themselves and include references to daily life i. e. the references to nautical terms in Half Pair and references to class in Stolen Bacillus. During the 1950s there was seen to be more freedom within society, which was less inhibited by the class structure that had nearly been abolished. This is one of the biggest differences between the two stories backgrounds, however there are similarities. Although the class system was comparatively non-existent at the time of Half Pairs writing there are still small references to the belief that men were more prominent than women in society. This is evident in Half Pair by the way the wife is stereotypically portrayed as a housewife. An example occurs as she makes dinner for her husband. Bertrum Chandler has also created some humour in regards to the roles of men and women in society. Both the husband a wife have a conversation which makes light of the small belief that men had a greater position within life, but it also shows how women had gained a lot more respect in society and were not as dominated by their husbands. This is shown in a particular conversation between the husband and wife, where the wife says, Some women are fools enough to trust their husbands. Theyre the ones who havent learned the hard way, the same way I did. The husband replies, Some men are fools enough to kid themselves that their wives have an elementary knowledge of pluming. The writers backgrounds are totally different, and consequently, as I have shown, the stories differ greatly as a result. Another aspect of the stories which is affected due to the writers backgrounds, are the plots. Although from the same genre the plots differ extensively. The Case of the Stolen Bacilluss main plot involves an amateur bacteriologist who receives a visit from an undercover anarchist in Victorian London. The anarchist who is nothing other than a stranger to the bacteriologist pretends to be interested in his work and asks to see ongoing experiments. The naive bacteriologist takes the opportunity to boast about his investigation into the newly discovered disease of cholera. The anarchist (now identified by the bacteriologist) steals the cholera bacteria, with plans to release the cholera bacteria into the cities water supply with the intention of infecting the whole city. This incident provokes a cab chase involving the bacteriologist pursuing the anarchist who unintentionally breaks the tube containing the cholera. Consequently, the anarchist drinks the solution as he sees this as the only resort and proceeds to walk round the streets bumping into people with the hope of them catching and spreading the disease. The outcome of this contains a twist within the plot for the readers as the anarchist turns blue. It is revealed that the solution was not cholera, but a disease that turns monkeys blue. The Half Pair differs completely in regards to the plot and is set in future outer space. Its main plot is created by a pair of cuff links and a couple who live onboard a space ship. The cuff links begin the story by one being lost, this is due to being washed down the sink into the ships disposal system and excreted into outer space. This causes certain unease with the couple who seem to be partial to the pair of cuff links. The man decides that he wants to venture into space to retrieve it, although it becomes evident that it is a two person task. The man has no-one to enter space with because his wife has a phobia of space suits, he therefore goes alone. This results in havoc as he runs out of oxygen and his lifeline snaps. The last part of the story contains a twist, as the reader believes that the man is destined for death as he passes out and begins to float into space, however his wife overcomes her phobia and saves him. The plots of these stories contain many techniques that induce the reader to continue reading. The way the climaxes are built up in each story has a major effect on how dramatic they are. In the Stolen Bacillus the climax is built up gradually, Wells does this in two main sections. He firstly creates and air of expectation for the reader which involves the anticipation of a London catastrophe and what the anarchist could do. The tension slowly rises and builds up to the chase sequence, where the anarchist is trying to escape. The climax is resolved with a twist in the plot that also has an effect as an anticlimax. The Half Pair however, contains a slightly more subtle climax. It is built up around a couple having an argument in a domestic situation; the argument causes the tension to build up gradually until the husband finds himself floating around in space in trouble. It is not as dramatic as the climax in The Stolen Bacillus, but resolves itself with a rather cliched happy ending. Both of the stories climaxes are used to maintain the readers interest and I believe that both are effective as the reader is wondering what is going to happen next in many sections. In the past, at the time of writing, another aspect that would have helped to keep readers attention would have been the way that in both stories the writer has included ideas and objects which the readers could have related to the then present day. Nowadays this could also possibly help the interest levels of the reader as they are finding out a different way of life giving a historical perspective of the story. This applies more so to The Stolen Bacillus, as it is further into the past. Both stories are similar in the fact that they contain twists, where the reader is lead to believe a different outcome up till close to the end where it is dramatically twisted another way round. The twist in the Stolen Bacillus was an anticlimax. I believe this was reasonably effective as it created some tension as a result of the possible damage which the anarchist could have caused. It also added humour, which may or may not have been Wellss intention, but I believe is effective. The twist used in The Half Pair is used to create an ending that lasts in your mind. When you find out that the wife has saved her husband it comes as a surprise, which adds excitement to the story. In both plots the main story line involves items going missing i. e. the bacteria and the cuff links, this is another similarity between the stories. Another aspect that makes the stories similar is how they both contain ideas and technology relevant to the era when it was written. The Case of the Stolen Bacillus was written at a time when the UK was rife with many epidemics such as cholera. These diseases, at the time, were not thoroughly known about, so many scientists would have been investigating and researching them. At the time when Half Pair was written, men in space, and space travel was a new idea that was being discovered. Although this is a similarity it can also be a difference as each story has been influenced by a different time of history. Characters are a major feature in stories and contain a strong link between the plots, and the morals and messages they are preaching. In both stories there is a great similarity in the fact that that they both have couples as the main characters. The Stolen Bacillus however, contains another prominent role played as an anarchist as well as also having minor characters included within it. This differs from The Half Pair, as within this story there are no other characters apart from the couple. Both Wellss story and Chandlers stories were of a short length, which means that the authors had a confined amount of time to create and develop characters. Consequently we see in both stories very strong characters displaying strong personalities. In The Case of the Stolen Bacillus there are three prominent characters, the anarchist, The Bacteriologist and Minnie, his wife. Wells uses many techniques to display these three characters in certain ways to try and create a vivid image for readers. I feel that Wells intended for the anarchist to be portrayed as a villain and he uses dialogue, imagery and atmosphere to show this. Wells describes the anarchist a pale faced man and as having deep grey eyes. This dull imagery gives the impression to the reader that the man is up to no good and it is backed up with the language which he uses to suggest that the anarchist is a baddy. It is particularly evident that Wells is trying to conjure up a bad image for the anarchist when the anarchist says, death mysterious, untraceable death, death swift and terrible, death full of pain and indignity would be released on this city. Although I believe Wells tries to conjure up a picture regarding the anarchist as a villain, I feel that he is more successful in creating a character that appears to be ignorant. Wells probably intentionally does this, as he tries to make fun of anarchism and through mocking the anarchist he can achieve this and express his opinions to the readers. This is shown when he says, These Anarchist rascals, are fools, blind fools to use bombs when this kind of thing is attainable. The Bacteriologist is another prominent character in Stolen Bacillus, however very different in personality. Wells portrays him, very stereotypically, as a boastful amateur scientist who wants to appear to be very intellectual. Wells uses the speeches between characters to portray this, especially in is opening speech when he says, This again, is a preparation of the celebrated Bacillus of Cholera the cholera germ. The reader discovers later on in the story that the scientist was leading the anarchist on, and realises that the bacteria wasnt actually cholera. This shows that the character of the scientist is maybe not so stereotypical as Wells first makes out. Although, Wells does included some very stereotypical behaviour regarding the relationships between The Bacteriologist and his wife, Minnie. As I have said before, Minnie is put across as being a typical Victorian housewife, very trustworthy, proper and correct. She abides completely by her husband and is very loyal to him as well as to the rules of the time. This part of Victorian society is shown by Wells when Minnie is keen to make sure that her husband does not leave the house without his hat and coat, as it was seen to be disrespectful in these times. It is shown using dialogue, by Wells when the wife is shocked about the fact that her husband has left not properly dressed and she says, But running around London in the height of the season, too in his socks! Included in the plot of Stolen Bacillus are other minor characters which all have their significances in some way even though they do not have a large part to play. The cab drivers are an example of this. As I have said earlier Wells stereotypes them and portrays them as lower class, using dialogue to help illustrate this. I have also noticed that Wells does n ot name the bacteriologist or the anarchist, he just labels them or describes them, which is probably done to emphasises their characters. The structure regarding the characters in the Half Pair differs in comparison with The Stolen Bacillus as The Half Pair only contains two characters. These prominent characters however, do have similarities between the main characters in The Stolen Bacillus. Similarly to The Stolen Bacillus, in The Half Pair there is a husband and wife as main characters. In The Half Pair the couple remains nameless, similarly to the Anarchist and the bacteriologist in The Stolen Bacillus, the only prominent character to be given a name in either story was Minnie, the bacteriologists wife. The relationships between the two couples in both stories are similar, however they also differ because of the different time of writing. As I have said earlier, The Stolen Bacillus represents a Victorian relationship between Minnie and her husband, which is rife with the idea of male dominance. I also believe that there are some references to this type of behaviour in The Half Pair even though it is set much later on in time. There are some elements of the behaviour between the couple in The Half Pair that also suggest that the wife is dominated by her husband. This behaviour is certainly not to the same extent as the in The Stolen Bacillus, and we also find that it is actually the husband in The Half Pair who is trying to abide to rules of good manners and not lower his standards when he says, We agreed that we werent going to let ourselves lapse, get sloppy The drinks straight from the bottle and the food straight from the can In comparing the characters in each story I feel that Wells conjures up stronger, more meaningful ones that are rife with personality. One way in which both authors have created and defined characters is by carefully selecting the language and dialogue that they use. The language used in each story is different because of the eras they were written in. The Case of the Stolen Bacillus is harder to read and comprehend, due to the changes in English language, between the Victorian era and present day, although it demonstrates the correct manner of speaking at its time of writing. The Stolen Bacillus frequently uses scientific terminology, to make the story more convincing to the reader. Wells uses relatively simple scientific descriptions such as cholera, as to not make the story to complicated. In Wellss story there were not many futuristic descriptions as it was set at a similar time to writing and was mainly based upon something that hadnt happened yet. Bertrum Chandler also includes scientific terminology in his story, The Half Pair. The content however is more futuristic and complicated. This is because the author is trying to predict the future and to do so needs to include advanced ideas. For example Chandler uses descriptions such as centrifugal force. The dialogue present in each story demonstrates more clearly many of the characters personalities. I feel that throughout both stories the dialogue is convincing although there are some elements which I feel were not as believable. For example I feel that in The Stolen Bacillus Wells might have over exaggerated the relationship between Minnie and The Bacteriologist. He achieved this by including speeches between the couple where Minnie simply agreed with everything her husband said, she often used the phrase yes dear. I feet that this became humorous throughout the story as she behaved completely different around her husband than anyone else. Wells probably expressed her character in this way in order to emphasise the stereotypical Victorian female role she plays. The dialogue in The Half Pair seems to be more like the present way of speaking. This is because the characters tended to speak in a more colloquial fashion, with not much use of complicated words and the sarcasm used is more relevant to todays society. An example of sarcasm is when she says, Anyone would think that youd lost the Crown Jewels There are many different ideas within both stories that contain morals and messages that the authors are trying to put across. In The Case of the Stolen Bacillus there are many interlinked morals, messages and ideas. Wells focuses intently on stereotyping individuals and groups of people of the time. This is done so that the messages which he puts across can be stronger, and also, so that he can subtly mock different people. One idea where Wells used this technique was when he referred to the class system, however he did this less obviously and consequently the message is not as strong. Wells also stereotyped The Bacteriologist as being a typical amateur scientist. His idea is put across in the story so that Wells can warn people about the risks of bacteriological research. Wells probably wants to warn people as he studied science and realises the risks and may be angered by the way amateurs have the responsibilities of investigating bacteria. Another one of the main ideas that Wells expresses in his story is that of Anarchy, and how it doesnt fit in with society. He mocks anarchy, and I believe that he is trying to say that anarchists are not necessarily fighting for a cause, but just trying to get attention. Wells shows this in the story due to the failure of the anarchists plan, and how the anarchist believes he can spread cholera by bumping into people, which seems laughable in todays society and to a certain extent the Victorian society. I feel that this message is effective but it is only towards the end of the story that the reader realises that Wells is subtly trying to mock anarchy. The Half Pair differs from Wellss story, as it only appears to put across one main message. I feel that Chandler uses the pair of cufflinks to illustrate his message, loved ones are more important than trivial things dont take them for granted. Chandlers use of the cufflinks is very ingenious and they link the message to the story. The cufflinks at the beginning the play are seen as very important to the man, however towards the end, when his life is a risk, the cufflinks become rather insignificant. Chandler ends the story in a very ingenious way, as the message is only revealed to the reader at the very end of the story when the wife says, I do so hate a half pair of anything and I dont mean only cufflinks! This last line of the story is also clever, as it links it together with the first line of the play, and gives the whole story and the message some significance. Another smaller message which I believe Chandler may be putting across is that people will always have the same sorts of problems thoughts and feelings, no matter what the day and age. Overall I believe that Chandler is trying to say that however much our world changes in the future, relationships and love will still be of upmost importance, and no matter what, couples will still have to overcome mundane problems even with a technologically advanced world around them. I believe that both stories are effective in putting across messages, however Wells includes more, and preaches them more subtly. In The Stolen Bacillus, the messages are there, but you have to look for them. The Half Pair messages tended to be simpler and easier to understand, but this is probably due to myself, the reader finding the story easier to comprehend as they relate to modern day more so than in The Stolen Bacillus. Although in todays society The Half Pair is easier to relate to, I feel that both of the stories relate their messages and content to the societies in which they were written. In comparing the two stories I have found many differences and similarities, however I now have to consider whether each of them are examples of good science fiction. I stated at the beginning of this essay, some definitions of science fiction and elements which writing of the science fiction genre should have. I have looked at each story against the definitions and elements of science fiction, and have seen how they have corresponded. I feel that both stories fit into the science fiction genre and they both contain most of the elements which a good piece of sci-fi writing does. The Case of The Stolen Bacillus contains a moral and a twist but it is not set in the future, however it does contain futuristic ideas. The Half Pair appears to contain all of the elements which I mentioned at the beginning of this essay, however I dont believe that they have been expressed as well as in Wellss story. Each story also tries to put meaningful messages across to a reader of the time of writing, although I believe that these messages are still applicable in society today. The twists in both stories are reasonably effective. I found that in The Case of the Stolen Bacillus the twist was not as well written, and therefore not as effective. Although each story differs in how well they correspond to the element of science fiction, a factor that suggests that both of these pieces are good science fiction writing is that they correlate strongly to the definitions given by Ray Bradbury and Bruce H. Franklin.